Regarding both points you're exactly right. What people are forgetting in this discussion is that we're talking about "windows" that are simply transparent areas of the ships bulkhead, hull, fuselage and/or cockpit. They are the same material as the surrounding alloy but the molecules have been manipulated in such a way as to allow for a specific area to become transparent. The structural integrity would be the same in all areas of that bulkhead though. The window would be as strong as the rest of the bulkhead. If a missile hits it it would be damaged the exact same as the surrounding "metal". Plus there's the added benefit of there being no seams which is where the integrity would be more easily compromised if you have two pieces riveted together. It would quite simply be one piece of metal that has an area that is transparent, that's all.
As for vipers and fighters having glass, again, it's a moot point. More than likely there would be a transparent area in the cockpit that may or may not be permanent. That would be up to the designers and how they install the instrument controls. It's doubtful that pilots would use a clear window for much navigation though. And no doubt there would be ways to manipulate it to shade and/or block out solar brightness.
And it goes without saying that a solid piece of "metal" would offer better radiation protection than a riveted piece of glass.
AND if anyone thinks that radiation wouldn't be an issue in space then we need to end this discussion and they need to go back to middle-school and re-take a basic physics class.
As for the loss of instrumentation we have to consider the fact that we're talking about ships operating in the vacuum of space. If the instruments go dead the pilot would be screwed unless they were say 100 yards away from the Galactica and they still had
manual thrusters, then yeah, they could maybe limp back to the docking bay by using sight alone. Anything other than that and they'd be toast more than likely, windows or not. It wouldn't be like Sully Sullenberer landing an "injured" passenger jet by using his wits and know-how as he peers out of the windshield at the very obvious Hudson river below him. In the enormity of space you'd lose site of the Galactica very quickly. You would have to rely on instrumentation to get your bearings as there would be no Hudson river to guide you and the Galactica would, visually, be nothing but another dot of light in a "sky" full of dots of light.
Any civilization that is technologically advanced enough to have an armada in space is not going to use sight navigation for much of anything, if at all. It would be pointless and self-defeating. So much for Snoopy in space. :witless:
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